Design and Development of a Hybrid Human Powered Vehicle

In a world that is running out of fossil fuels, harvesting human kinetic energy will provide an immediate solution to various mechanical challenges and fuel limitations. Also harvesting renewable source of energy can also be a tool behind solving the problem. This project deals with developing a Human Powered Hybrid Vehicle that uses both human and solar energy to drive the vehicle. The main objectives behind this project is to build a suitable mode of transportation which would utilize human energy in an efficient way to be used for driving the vehicle such as it runs faster than the present day human powered vehicles. For this purpose the human strength and weakness, the aerodynamic effect of the fairing, the effectiveness of the drive train etc. are taken into consideration. Structural and weight analysis were performed to select the right material for the frame so as to build a vehicle which would be very light weight but strong enough to sustain high loads exerted by the driver during a ride. Utmost priority has been given on the driver safety. With modern technology, steps were taken such that the vehicle doesn’t move unless and until the seatbelt and the helmet is worn, thus increasing driver safety.The main aim here is to fabricate a cost effective, easy to use and easy maintenance cum repairable vehicle with green personal mobility solution. It is a technically enhanced improvisation of a bicycle that also provides better comfort and greater speeds as well as more cargo carrying facility. This project is based on making a hybrid human powered vehicle

Statistical Modelling of Computer Systems: A Review

This paper briefly reviews the data dependent statistical methods useful for computer systems modelling. The techniques are classified according to their applicability toward comparison, tuning and design of computer systems. A review of publications dealing with statistical modeling of computer systems is presented and a comprehensive bibliography is included to provide a useful source of reference toward the present and potential applications of statistical methods for computer system modelling

Statistical Modelling of Computer Systems: A Survey

This paper briefly surveys the data dependent statistical methods useful for computer systems modelling. The techniques are classified according to their applicability toward comparison, tuning and design of computer systems. A review of papers dealing with statistical modelling of computer systems is presented and a comprehensive bibliography is included to provide a useful source of reference toward the present and potential applications of statistical methods for computer system modelling

Accelerated Orthodontics

Clinical orthodontics is ever dynamic branch of Dentistry. Traditionally orthodontics was always considered as aesthetic treatment of face & also needed for proper oral oral function. This treatment may take up 2–3 years of total duration. The chapter describes changing trends in this aspect wherein we speed up the treatment by various methods thus reducing the overall time duration. These modalities include alteration in bio mechanics, pharmacological, chemical & by biological means. It is also cautioned here that the clinician has to take up these changing trends based on sound clinical knowledge & evidence based applicability

STATISTICAL MODELLING OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS: A SURVEY

This paper briefly surveys the data dependent statistical methods useful for computer systems modelling. The techniques are classified according to their applicability toward comparison, tuning and design of computer systems. A review of papers dealing with statistical modelling of computer systems is presented and a comprehensive bibliography is included to provide a useful source of reference toward the present and potential applications of statistical methods for computer system modelling

Economic Design of Control Chart

Control chart are widely used to establish and maintain statistical control of a process.In other words it is a tool used to monitor processes and to assure that they remain "In Control" or stable The vital function of control chart is to find out the occurrence of assignable causes so that the necessary corrective action can be taken before a huge amount of defective product is produced. The X-bar control chart is preferred most in comparison to any other control chart technique if quality is measured on a regular scale. In the present project, we here develop the economic design of the X-bar control chart using Genetic Algorithm to determine the values of the sample size, sampling interval, width of control limits such that the expected total cost per hour is minimized. The genetic algorithms (GA) are applied to search for the optimal values of the three test parameters of the X-bar chart. In genetic algorithm we use mutation and cross-over technique to get the optimal solution. Finally, a sensitivity analysis will be carried out to investigate the effect of model parameters on the solution of the economic desig

Improved braking performance of an electric vehicle by integrating plug braking with regenerative braking.

With the increase in demand for green energy, new technologies are evolved to improve energy efficiency. One of the methods to improve energy efficiency in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles is regenerative braking. As regeneration is not effective during low speeds, hydraulic braking is being used along with regenerative braking. Different control algorithms are proposed in literature for proper selection between the two types of braking. The hydraulic braking system consists of multiple pistons that provide equal distribution of braking force on the wheels. However, this can be directly achieved by providing necessary braking torque on the shaft by applying dissipative braking at low speeds using an auxiliary motor parallel to the traction motor. In this thesis, a method is proposed where two induction motors are used, one as the traction motor and other as an auxiliary motor to demonstrate braking phenomenon. Plug braking of auxiliary motor is integrated with regenerative braking of main motor by coupling both the shafts of the two motors. The advantage of this method is that force is directly acting on the shaft and hence equal braking force is distributed on all the wheels, even at low speeds. The auxiliary motor can also be used for propulsion according to the torque demand and peak regeneration current can be counteracted by the plugging current thus limiting the battery current to its range. The disadvantage is that some amount energy is dissipated during plugging for small duration at low speeds. A transient analysis implementing vector control of induction machine is performed in Matlab and the results show good braking performance

Aerodynamic Design of the RAE 2822 in Transonic Viscous Flow: Single- and Multi-Objective Optimization Studies

This paper addresses a benchmark aerodynamic design problem proposed by the AIAA Aerodynamic Design Optimization Discussion Group: Drag minimization of the RAE 2822 in transonic viscous flow at a fixed lift coefficient with constraints on the pitching moment coefficient and the cross-sectional area. The single-objective optimization (SOO) problem is solved using surrogate-based optimization (SBO) with the surrogates constructed through output space mapping and variable-resolution Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics models. Improving the implementation of our search algorithms enabled us to obtain the SOO optimal design four times faster than in our prior work in terms of CPU time. To explore the design space in the vicinity of the SOO optimal design, the problem is recast as a multi-objective optimization (MOO) one by treating the drag and pitching moment coefficients as the objectives while fulfilling the given constraints on the lift coefficient and the cross-sectional area. The MOO algorithm yields the Pareto front of the two conflicting objective functions in close proximity of the design obtained by the SOO formulation in the feasible and infeasible space of the original SOO problem

Aerodynamic Design of a Rectangular Wing in Subsonic Inviscid Flow by Surrogate-Based Optimization

The paper presents results of aerodynamic design of a rectangular wing in subsonic inviscid flow using surrogate-based local and global search algorithms. The aerodynamic design problem is formulated in Benchmark Cases 3 and 6 developed by the AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Discussion Group. Both involve lift-constrained drag minimization at a Mach number of 0.5 with relatively low lift coefficients (0.2625 and 0.375) with several nonlinear constraints and a small number design variables (up to 15). In this work, the local search is performed using variable-fidelity modelling and output space mapping, whereas the global search is performed using approximation-based surrogates. The paper presents the details of the computational modelling, shape parameterization, optimization algorithms, and results for each benchmark case. The approaches yield comparable results for Benchmark Case 3. Only the local search algorithm is applied to Benchmark Case 6. The results indicate the multimodality of that design case